Bladder and Urothelial Cancer Treatments

Bladder cancer, most commonly arising from the urothelial cells that line the inner surface of the bladder, is one of the more frequently diagnosed malignancies worldwide and carries a significant risk of recurrence even after treatment. Management ranges from intravesical immunotherapy with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin for early-stage disease to radical cystectomy and platinum-based chemotherapy for muscle-invasive or metastatic cases, with neoadjuvant chemotherapy before surgery now established as a standard approach for eligible patients. Molecular characterization of tumors has opened new questions about which patients are most likely to benefit from specific interventions, including emerging immunotherapies, and how to predict treatment resistance before it occurs. Identifying reliable biomarkers, improving outcomes in metastatic disease, and refining the sequencing of surgical and systemic therapies remain central challenges driving current research.

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Keywords

Bladder CancerUrothelial CarcinomaChemotherapyCystectomyBacillus Calmette-GuerinMolecular Characterization