T-cell and B-cell Immunology

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a specialized subset of CD4+CD25+ lymphocytes that suppress excessive immune responses, and understanding how they develop and function sits at the heart of modern immunology. The transcription factor Foxp3 acts as their master regulator, working alongside signals like TGF-β and IL-2 to establish and maintain immune tolerance — the immune system's ability to avoid attacking the body's own tissues. When this regulatory circuit breaks down, autoimmune diseases can emerge; when it is too robust, tumors may exploit Tregs to evade immunological surveillance. Researchers are now working to clarify how Tregs are selected in the thymus, how they relate to memory T cell populations, and whether their activity can be precisely tuned to treat conditions ranging from multiple sclerosis to cancer.

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Keywords

Foxp3TGF-ßCD4+CD25+Immune ToleranceAutoimmunityThymic Selection